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Authors
Dong, Xinjiang
Wang, Jia
Du, Jing
Wang, Beibei
Li, Gang
Yang, Jiefu
Zou, Tong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Basic Research Operating Expenses for Centralized Public Welfare Research Institutes of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences - Healthy Longevity Competition (2023-JKCS-11)
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Article History
Received: 14 September 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 8 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Since this is secondary/de-identified data analysis, no ethics approval is required by institutional review boards. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, which coordinates GBD, has obtained all necessary ethical approvals for data collection and aggregation.
: Informed consent is not applicable as no human participants were involved, and no personal identifiers were accessed.
: This study analyzed publicly available GBD 2021 data (University of Washington IRB No. STUDY00009060). No direct human participants were involved, and no animals were used.
