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Authors
Alfehaid, Lama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-0941
Alkhezi, Omar S.
Alghamdi, Abeer
Alzahrani, Abdullah
Alfuraydi, Mohammed
Alzahrani, Mohammed
Badawoud, Amal M.
Al Yami, Majed S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNURSP2025R418)
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Article History
Received: 12 December 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 22 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: The study protocol received approval from the IRB of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (IRB Approval No.: 0000074824). KIMARC IRB waived patient consent due to the study’s retrospective nature. This project was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics Committee prior to data collection. Given the study's retrospective nature and the use of de-identified clinical data, the IRB waived the requirement for written informed consent. All patient information was handled confidentially, and data were anonymized to protect participant privacy. This article does not contain any studies involving animals performed by any of the authors.
