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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

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: Tze F. Chao reports honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. Menno V. Huisman reports receiving research grants from the Dutch Healthcare Fund, Dutch Heart Foundation, BMS-Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim, and consulting fees from BMSPfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim to the institution. Gregory Y.H. Lip is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Anthos. No fees are received personally. He is a senior investigator at National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and co-PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement number: 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalized management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement number: 101136244) and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long-term conditions (grant agreement number: 101080189), which are all funded by the EU's Horizon Europe Research & Innovation programme. Other authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethics approval was obtained from the local institutional review board. Enrolment required informed consent and the study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.