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Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: This study utilized the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available, de-identified administrative database that is considered a Limited Data Set under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule and does not contain direct patient identifiers. Accordingly, research using the NIS does not require Institutional Review Board (IRB) review or exemption determination.

: This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: Informed consent was not required because the study was conducted using a publicly available, de-identified database.