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Article History

Received: 22 May 2026

Accepted: 15 August 2026

First Online: 26 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Giulia Cevoli reports grant support from the Nasjonalforeningen for folkehelsen, including support related to grant no. 28698 and a grant awarded on August 5, 2024. Alessandro Cataliotti has received research funding from the Nasjonalforeningen for folkehelsen (grant no. 28698), has served as a scientific advisor for Madeleine Pharmaceuticals, and is a co-inventor on patents related to natriuretic peptide–based diagnostics and therapies for cardiovascular and renal diseases, including proANP31–67‐based approaches and gene-based natriuretic peptide delivery. John C. Burnett Jr has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that is not directly related to the content of this review and is an inventor or co-inventor on patents related to designer natriuretic peptides and natriuretic peptide–based diagnostics and therapies for cardiovascular and renal diseases; he has also been involved in biotechnology initiatives focussed on natriuretic peptide–based therapeutics. Horng H. Chen is a co-inventor on patents related to designer natriuretic peptides and natriuretic peptide–based therapies for cardiovascular and renal diseases, including aquaretic and natriuretic polypeptides; he has received NIH research funding that is not directly related to the content of this review and has been involved in biotechnology initiatives dedicated to the development of natriuretic peptide–based therapeutics. Ivan Isaia, Reza Parvan, and Lorenzo Malatino declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this work.