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Article History

Received: 20 May 2026

Accepted: 23 August 2026

First Online: 28 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi and Anas Ali Alhur declare that they have no conflict of interest. Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi previously received funding from Knowledge-Action-Change (KAC), which was supported by Global Action to End Smoking (GA), but has no current funding relationship.

Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data from the Scottish Health Survey, which received ethical approval for the original data collection from the relevant research ethics committees. All participants provided informed consent at the time of data collection. As this study involved analysis of existing de-identified data, no separate ethical approval was required. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Human and animal rights: This research did not involve any new data collection from human participants or animals.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.