Article History
Received: 10 May 2024
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the submission and publication of this paper at the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. There are no known financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence work reported in this paper. All studies were approved by Cornell University’s Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided their informed consent before participating. Data, materials, and pre-registrations are available at OSF: