Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Meng, Sichen https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6315-9360
Mathmann, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-0262
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Queensland University of Technology
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 27 February 2025
Accepted: 24 May 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: This research was reviewed and approved by the Queensland University of Technology University Human Research Ethics Committee (UHREC) as meeting the requirements of the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2023).
Consent to participate: Not applicable. The study analyses publicly available livestream content and aggregated behavioural metrics; there was no direct contact with human participants, and no identifiable personal information is reported.
Competing interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
