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Authors
Wang, Baoyu
Zhu, Hegui
Cao, Pingping
Zhang, Libo
Shen, Aihong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No. 2022BS105, No. 2022BS105)
the Fundamental Research Funds for Technical Study of Ministry of Public Security of China (No. 2023JSYJC23)
the Public Security Theory and Soft Science Foundation of Ministry of Public Security of China (No. 2023LL21, No. 2023LL21)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Criminal Investigation Police University of China with Grant (No.C2023008)
the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education with Grant (No. JYTMS20231411)
the Key Research Foundation of Criminal Investigation Police University of China (No. D2025009)
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Article History
Received: 25 February 2025
Revised: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 26 June 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: The data used in this paper are from publicly available datasets and do not violate any ethical guidelines.
