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Article History

Received: 21 February 2025

Revised: 15 June 2025

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 5 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The proposed outlier detection methodology is intended to assist analysts in identifying anomalous patterns. However, due to the risk of misclassification, potential bias amplification, and possible misuse in high-stakes applications, we emphasise that this method should be deployed with fairness evaluations, transparency mechanisms, and human oversight. It is not intended for autonomous decision-making in critical or privacy-sensitive environments.

: The authors declare no competing interests.