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Article History

Received: 29 July 2020

Accepted: 28 September 2020

First Online: 21 October 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The Wellcome Trust, the Royal Society, and the UK Medical Research Council had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The Clinical Practice Research Datalink was involved in the design and conduct of the study; interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Dr. Williams and Ms. Dempsey report that CPRD has financial relationships with its clients, including the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, in relation to providing access to research data and services both related to and outside of the submitted work. Dr. Stanway reports personal fees from Roche, Clinigen, Eli Lilly, and Novartis, not related to this work. Dr. Bhaskaran reports grants from Wellcome Trust, the Royal Society, Medical Research Council, and British Heart Foundation, outside the submitted work. The other authors in this report have no conflict of interest to disclose.

: The study was approved by the East of England–Cambridge South Research Ethics Committee (Ref: /EE/0403), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Interventions Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 14417), and the Health Research Authority and Health and Care Research Wales (IRAS Project ID: 224561). Implicit patient consent was obtained when the patient posted the completed questionnaires.