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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the relevant Ethics Committee and IRB in each participating country/territory: Bellberry Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia (2022-07-751); Oncology Study Group Research Ethics Committee, Hong Kong (2022/24); Public Institutional Review Board designated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, South Korea (2022-1483-002); National Taiwan University Hospital IRB, Taiwan (202210028RSA); and Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital IRB, Vietnam (3393/BVUB-CDT).

: Written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.

: Financial interests: P.S., H.R.K., T.E.N., H.L.T., Y.C.L., and P.J.L. declare they have no financial interests. E.P.H. has received institutional research funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer in support of research activities. K.T.N. has received a speaker honorarium from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Group, Roche, and AstraZeneca. C.S. receives a salary from Merck Sharp & Dohme, where he is the Regional Director of Medical Affairs – Head & Neck and Melanoma Asia-Pacific; Merck & Co., Inc. MSD International GmbH (Singapore Branch) sponsored the study and contacted Oracle Life Sciences, Singapore. R.G., and Y.J.Y. are employees of Oracle Life Sciences, Singapore.Non-financial interests: E.P.H. has served on the advisory board for Merck Sharp & Dohme.