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The Versatility of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Review and Structured Survey of Architectures, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trajectories

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-026-10720-6

Published Online: 2026-08-11

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Peykani, Pejman

Charles, Vincent

Emrouznejad, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-4244
Ghanidel, Sanly

Sabour, Daniyal
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-08-11

Version of Record valid from 2026-08-11
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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Revised: 29 May 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 11 August 2026

Declarations

Research Involving Human and/or Animals: This study did not involve human participants or animals.

Informed Consent: Not applicable, as the study did not involve human participants.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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