Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1960205)
China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgical Innovation Foundation (BWLCF202206)
Overseas Expertise Collaboration Base for Green and Intelligent Metallurgy (No: B21004)
Article History
Received: 18 March 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 10 July 2025
Conflict of interest
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.