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Authors
C. Kuikel, Jagadish
Thapa, Kanchan
Paudel, Prashant
P. Acharya, Ram
M. Kunwar, Ripu
Maraseni, Tek
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
WWF Nepal/Hariyo Ban program
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
: We carried out fieldwork following the guidelines of USAID funded Hariyo Ban program and the protocols of WWF Nepal Program (Supplementary file ). We obtained prior informed consent from the Chitwan National Park, the Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, the Department of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, the Division Forest Office, Chitwan, and the participating communities and forest user groups of Chitwan, Nepal (Supplementary file : Ref #061/082-83). The participation was voluntary, and the responses were coded to ensure the data confidentiality. We properly acknowledged the sources of data and supporting organizations/individuals for this study.
