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Authors
Wong, Wong Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-0506
Su, Wunhong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-6821
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Article History
Received: 14 June 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study uses publicly available data. No human participants or animals were involved; therefore ethics approval and informed consent were not required. Data came from the Global Burden of Disease estimates (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation) and the Air Quality Life Index (Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago).
: N/A.
: Not applicable; no third-party copyrighted material requiring permission was reproduced.
: Not applicable; this study is not a clinical trial.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
