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Authors
Hamdan, Anis Syuhada Omar
Ahmad, Nurul Izzah
Rahman, Salina Abdul
Mohd, Masratul Hawa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-2821
Wong, Yong Foo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-251X
Wong, Yee-Shian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6238-5247
Leong, Yin-Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-6425
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education (FRGS/1/2020/STG01/USM/02/17)
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH): NMRR-21-602-58576 (IIR) and the Human Research Ethics Committee (JEPeM) of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM): USM/JEPeM/21060406.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: All authors have read and approved this manuscript and take responsibility for its contents. The participant has consented to the submission of the manuscript to the journal.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
