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Authors
Ming, Xiuping
Wang, Yaping
Zhang, Shudong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Education Science Foundation of the 14th Five-Year Plan (CEAA23042)
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2024
Accepted: 14 September 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: Beijing Normal University Ethics Committee provided approval for this study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institute of Psychology and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from the parents and individual participants.
: All authors and research participants gave consent for the publication of this study. The authors consented to the submission of the manuscript to the journal. All authors approved the final version to be published.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
