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First Online: 21 November 2018

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: The author is submitting this manuscript for exclusive consideration as an article in the Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology and declares the manuscript or parts of the manuscript have not been published elsewhere.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.