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Authors
Henning, Kris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-8811
Campbell, Christopher M.
Stewart, Gregory
Johnson, Jennifer
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Article History
Accepted: 2 July 2021
First Online: 17 July 2021
Declarations
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: This study uses a fully de-identified secondary dataset provided by the given police agency. As such, the research was deemed <i>exempt from review</i> by Portland State University’s Office of Research Integrity.
: The data used in this study consist of fully de-identified records from a law enforcement data system. Obtaining informed consent from the victims and suspects involved is not possible under these conditions.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
