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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

: B.K. has served as a speaker for SphingoTec/4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk and received travel reimbursement from 4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, the German Society of Lipidology, the German Cardiac Society, Boehringer Ingelheim and Lilly. C.B.F. has served as a consultant/has received honoraria from Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, HLS Therapeutics, Lilly, Novartis and has received research grants from Amgen and Novo Nordisk. M.F. was supported by the NIH, Alleviant, Gradient, Reprieve, Sardocor, and Doris Duke. He is a consultant and/or has ownership interest in Abbott, Acorai, Ajax, Alio Health, Alleviant, Artha, Astellas, Audicor, AxonTherapies, BMS, Bodyguide, Bodyport, Boston Scientific, Broadview, Cadence, Cardiosense, Cardioflow, Clinical Accelerator, CVRx, Daxor, Edwards LifeSciences, Echosens, EKO, Endotronix, Feldschuh Foundation, Fire1, FlowMod, FutureCardia, Gradient, Hatteras, HemodynamiQ, Impulse Dynamics, ISHI, Lumia Health, Medtronic, NovoNordisk, NucleusRx, Omega, Orchestra, Parasym, Pharmacosmos, Presidio, Procyreon, Proton Intelligence, Puzzle, ReCor, Scirent, SCPharma, Shifamed, Splendo, Summacor, SyMap, Terumo, Vifor Pharma, Vironix, Viscardia, Zoll. A.S. has received consulting fees, research support and/or honoraria from Janssen, Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Servier, and Novo Nordisk and is shareholder/founder of Area19, Perc-assist, Aerocardia. M.B. has served as speaker for Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca and Novartis and received travel support from Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo. N.M. has given lectures for Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Lilly, NovoNordisk; has received unrestricted research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, and has served as an advisor for Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk. In addition, served in trial leadership for Boehringer Ingelheim and NovoNordisk. N.M. declines all personal compensation from pharma or device companies. K.M.S. has served as a speaker for Abbot, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Novartis and served as an advisor for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk. F.K. has served as a speaker for Novo Nordisk, Amgen, Lilly, AstraZeneca, C.T.I., Cogitando, DGK-Akademie, consulted Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Bayer, PricewaterhouseCoopers/Strategy&, and received travel support from Amgen, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, SphingoTec/4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals, C.T.I., Cogitando, and Lilly.