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Article History

Received: 2 August 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The procedures followed were in accordance with the precepts of Good Clinical Practice and the declaration of Helsinki. This study is a literature review and does not include any new studies involving human participants or animals conducted by the authors. All data discussed are from previously published sources.

: The co-authors give permission for the work and data shown herein to be published.

: Alessio Cortellini received grants for consultancies/advisory boards: MSD, OncoC4, Roche, Regeneron, BMS, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, Astrazeneca, Access Infinity, Ardelis Health, Alpha Sight, Capvision, Techspert, Alira Health, Atheneum, Lightening Health. He also received speaker fees from Astrazeneca, Roche, Pierre-Fabre, MSD, SANOFI/Regeneron; compensation for writing/editorial activity: BMS, MSD; travel support from Sanofi, MSD, Roche and funding (to institution) from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.Biagio Ricciuti served as consultant/advisory board for AMGEN, Regeneron, AstraZeneca, Capvision. Speaker fee: AstraZeneca. Received honoraria from Targeted Oncology, SITC. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with the present study.Sebastiano Buti has received honoraria for speaking at scientific events and advisory roles from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Merck, Eisai, MSD, Novartis, Gentili, Astellas and Pfizer and research funding from Novartis and Pfizer.