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Article History

Accepted: 31 October 2024

First Online: 13 January 2025

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: R.K. Naidu has served on Speakers Bureau for Abbott, Avanos, Boston Scientific, and Nalu; as a consultant for Abbott, Biotronik, Bioventus, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Nalu, SPR Therapeutics, and Avanos; on an advisory/medical board for Abbott, Boston Scientific, Nalu, and SPR Therapeutics; and as an investigator for Abbott and Boston Scientific. L. Kapural has consulted for Nevro, Abbott, Medtronic, Nalu, Saluda, and Biotronik and participated in research for Nevro, Medtronic, Gimer Medical, Neuros, Saluda, Biotronik, and SPR Therapeutics. S. Li has consulted for Nevro (research grant), Boston Scientific (research grant), Saluda (research grant), Abbott, Avanos (research grant), Vertos, Nalu (research grant, shareholder), PainTeq (research grant), Averitas Pharma (research grant), SPR Therapeutics (research grant), and Biotronik (research grant); has received a research grant from SGX Medical; and has served on advisory boards for Saluda and Vertos. C. Tourjé has consulted for Nevro and Biotronik and participates in research for Biotronik and CornerLoc/TransLoc. J. Rutledge has received speaking and consulting fees from SPR Therapeutics, Boston Scientific, Abbott, TerSera, Vertos, and Biotronik. D. Dickerson has received speaking and consulting fees from SPR Therapeutics (research grant), Pfizer, Myovant, Abbott (research grant), Vertos, Nalu, Vertex and Biotronik. T.R. Lubenow has consulting agreements with Abbott, Boston Scientific, Biotronik, Pen Tec, and Pain Teq; and research grants with Abbott and Boston Scientific.

: This review article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.