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Article History

Accepted: 11 May 2025

First Online: 20 May 2025

Declarations

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: All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).

: J.V.P. reports consulting fees and honoraria from Aspen Medical Products; travel support from Hippocratic AI; participation on advisory boards for Flagler Health and Hippocratic AI; a leadership role with DxTx Pain and Spine; and stock or stock options in Hippocratic AI, Flagler Health, and Aspen Medical Products. S.T.P. reports occasional honoraria for presentations for Boston Scientific, co-authorship of an industry-sponsored paper, key opinion leadership (KOL) activities, support for travel, and a patent related to a Neural Dose Monitoring Device. A.A.-E. reports consulting fees from Medtronic, Curonix, and Avanos. T.R.D. reports consulting for Abbott, SpineThera, Saluda Medical, Cornerloc, Boston Scientific, PainTeq, Spinal Simplicity, SPR Therapeutics, Biotronik, Aurora, and Nervonik; a patent pending with Abbott; advisory board positions with Abbott, SPR Therapeutics, Biotronik, and Nervonik; a leadership role as Chairman and Founder of ASPN (unpaid); and stock or stock options in SpineThera, Saluda Medical, PainTeq, Aurora, and Nervonik. D.P.B. reports grants or contracts from Medtronic, Medical Metrics, Avanos, Relievant, Boston Scientific, Stryker, Sollis Pharmaceuticals, Simplify Medical, Lenoss Medical, Spine BioPharma, Eliem Therapeutics, Smart Soft, Tissue Tech, Vivex, Stratus Medical, Restorative Therapies, Kolon TissueGene, Companion Spine, DiscGenics, SI Bone, and Choice Spine; royalties from Vivex and IZI; consulting fees from Medtronic, ReGelTec, Nanofuse, Talosix, Spinal Simplicity, Pain Theory, Spark Biomedical, Smart Soft, Tissue Tech, Bronx Medical, Thermaquil, Vivex, Genesys, SetBone Medical, Amber Implants, Cerapedics, SpinaFX, and SI Bone; travel support from Stryker, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Merit, Avanos, Piramal, Genesys, and Eliquence; patents; participation on NIH Data and Safety Monitoring Boards; and a leadership role with Aclarion, Vivex, Orthoson, and Choice Spine. D.S. reports consulting fees from Saluda, Abbott, and PainTeq; a leadership role as Vice Chairman of ASPN; and stock or stock options in PainTeq, Mainstay, SPR Therapeutics, Vertos, and Surgentec. L.A. reports stock in Flagler Health. The remaining authors reported no conflict of interest.