Adnan, Siti Nur Aishah
Kahar, Nur Ezzah Abdul
Sobari, Muhammad Syazwan
Mohamed, Siti Hajar
Chen, Lim Jin
Lee, Eyann
Pargi, Mohamad Nur Fuadi
Musa, Muhamad Sharan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-6525
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi Malaysia (FRGS/1/2022/TK09/USM/02/19)
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Revised: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 27 June 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Conflict of interest
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.