Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.52076212)
Joint Fund of Civil Aviation Research (U2333205)
Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing of Aircraft (No.IADL20230111)
Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Program (No. 23JCZDJC00110)
Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students (2023YJSKC01010)
Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Revised: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Conflict of interest
: The authors have no potential conflict of interest when applying data.