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Authors
Murugesan, Pasupathi
Kamalakannan, Saravanan
Thangarathinam, Kumar
Balasubramanian, Natarajan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1401-1427
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Article History
Accepted: 19 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: This is an observational study. This study did not involve human or animal subjects, as it focused on in vitro synthesis and evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and sunscreen formulations.
: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.
: Not applicable. No individual participants data is included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
