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Article History

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest related to this research, its authorship, or its publication. This declaration ensures transparency and integrity in the study’s findings and dissemination. The absence of conflicts supports the credibility of the research outcomes. The authors maintain that their work is free from bias and external influences. This transparency is essential for maintaining trust in the scientific community.

: Ethical clearance was approved by the DNA Labs-CRIS (Centre for Research and Innovative Studies), Laxmipur, East Hopetown, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India (Ethical approval No. DLCAS/2024/251). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and standards established by the institution and relevant regulatory authorities to ensure the integrity and welfare of all subjects involved.

: Informed consent was waived because the urine samples were obtained from routine diagnostic testing and were provided in a fully anonymized form. No personal or identifiable patient information was accessed or used in this study.

: Not applicable.