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Authors
Metwally, Ammal M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-5202
Omar, Tarek M. Y.
Abdel Raouf, Ehab R.
Ashaat, Engy A.
Elsaeid, Amal
El-Saied, Mostafa M.
Elkhouly, Asmaa E.
Hassan, Naglaa Abu-Mandil
Helmy, Mona A.
Goda, Amira A.
Abu Zeid, Dina
ElRifay, Amira S.
ElDeeb, Sherif E.
Elshaarawy, Ghada A.
Sharaf, Nevin E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (13893)
National Research Centre Egypt
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre (Approval No. 17034). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children. For individuals unable to write, a right thumbprint was used in lieu of a signature. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all data were collected confidentially. Personal identifiers were removed, and records were securely stored. The study adhered to the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects [ ]. Adequate information disclosure was ensured, in line with recommendations emphasizing the importance of informed consent among Egyptian patients and guardians [ ].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. No financial or non-financial benefits were received, directly or indirectly, from any entity related to the subject matter of this manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests.
