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Article History

Accepted: 7 July 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All the gene expression data and clinical information used in this study have been approved by the local ethical committees Heidelberg (Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, title of the approved project: human spermatogonial stem cell ethics HSSC458, approved number: DFG18544, 29 October 2022) and Amol University of Special Modern Technologies (Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research, title of the approved project: human spermatogonial stem cell ethics AUSMT1225, approved number: Ir.ausmt.rec.1402.05, 15 October 2022). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: All patients have read and provided information and have had the opportunity to ask questions. They understand that their participation is voluntary and that they are free to withdraw at any time, without giving a reason and without cost.

: All patients provided written informed consent for the use and publication of data derived from this study.

: It is declared by the remaining authors that there are no commercial or financial relationships that might conflict with the research.