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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Freely-given, written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16). The tissues were obtained in MedPolonia Hospital (Poznan, Poland). No tissues were obtained from prisoners.

: Freely-given, written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16).

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Bioethics Committee at the Regional Medical Council in Poznan, Poland (no. 46/2019).

: Not applicable.

: M.S. is CMO and shareholder of Dystrogen Therapeutics Corp. the company that holds a license for DT-DEC01 therapy. M.S. is the inventor on the patent application filed by University of Illinois at Chicago related to chimeric cell therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (WO/2016/201182). The author declares a potential conflict of interest. K.S. is CEO and shareholder of Dystrogen Therapeutics Corp. The author declares a potential conflict of interest. G.B., A.N., A.S.-S., J.C., and J.W. received fees for work related to this study. A.Z. and K.B. are Dystrogen Therapeutics Corp. employees.