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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were approved by the University of Beira Interior and authorized by the Portuguese General Directorate for Food and Veterinary under the project “Studies of neuroprotection mechanisms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease and stroke” (Approval no.: 0421/000/000/2019; Approval date: June 4, 2019). Ethical approval for the use of human mesenchymal stem cells under the project “Use of human umbilical cord blood and tissue cells for the development of future cell therapies for various applications and the identification of therapeutic biomarkers” was granted by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra (Approval no.: 075-CE-2019; Approval date: September 23, 2019).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.