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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Human samples were collected after receiving the informed consent from the donors and under the approval by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Tsukuba University Hospital, project titled “Elucidating the function of human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical application” (approval number H26-131 on October 8th, 2023). In vivo experiments were conducted with the approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Tsukuba, a project titled “Analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives”, (approval number 24–029 on June 1st, 2024).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable. This study is not a clinical trial.