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Authors
Varela, Margarida https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6899-1976
Ampuja, Minna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-5399
Broberg, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5419-9479
Ramste, Amanda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-5165
Talman, Virpi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-6505
Helle, Emmi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-2194
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study, titled “The development origins of congenital cardiac malformations with a special focus on left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects” was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Helsinki University Hospital District (reference number: HUS/2054/2016, approval granted on November 17th,2016). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged six years and older, and from parents or legal guardians for participants who were minors.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have not use AI-generated work in this manuscript.
