Updates are available Correction dated 2026-02-26

Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 27 December 2025

First Online: 27 January 2026

Change Date: 11 February 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In this article, part of the caption for Figure 1 was mistakenly misplaced as the last paragraph in the ‘Conclusion’ section. The misplaced text in the caption of Figure 1 has been reinstated.

Change Date: 26 February 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-026-09144-8

Declarations

:

: This research does not involve human participants and/or animals.

: This research does not involve human participants and informed consent procedures.

: Dr. Sonya L. Cyr is an employee and shareholder of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.Dr. Ruchi Gupta receives research support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), Sunshine Charitable Foundation, Genentech, Novartis, and Abbott Laboratories. She serves as a medical consultant/advisor for Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), Genentech, Novartis, OWYN, Kaléo, Bryn Pharma, Kenvue, ARS Pharmaceuticals, Oracle Life Sciences, and Alpina Biotechnology. Dr. Gupta has ownership interest in Yobee Care, Inc. She is currently employed by Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago and is a Professor of Pediatrics & Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Dr. Peter Lio reports being on the speaker’s bureau for AbbVie, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Hyphens Pharma, Incyte, La Roche-Posay/L’Oreal, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre Dermatologie, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Verrica; reports consulting/advisory boards for Alphyn Biologics (stock options), AbbVie, Almirall, Amyris, Arcutis, ASLAN, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Burt’s Bees, Castle Biosciences, Codex Labs (stock options), Concerto Biosci (stock options), Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidor, L’Oreal, Merck, Micreos, MyOR Diagnostics, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Sibel Health, Skinfix, Suneco Technologies (stock options), Theraplex, UCB, Unilever, Verdant Scientific (stock options), Verrica, Yobee Care (stock options). In addition, Dr. Lio has a patent pending for a Theraplex product with royalties paid and is a Board member and Scientific Advisory Committee Member emeritus of the National Eczema Association.