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Article History

Received: 11 July 2023

Accepted: 10 September 2023

First Online: 21 September 2023

Compliance with ethical standards

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: C.W. le Roux reports grants from the Irish Research Council, Science Foundation Ireland, Anabio, and the Health Research Board. He serves on advisory boards of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi Aventis, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Glia, and Boehringer Ingelheim. He is a member of the Irish Society for Nutrition and Metabolism outside the area of work commented on here. He is the chief medical officer and director of the Medical Device Division of Keyron since January 2011. Both of these are unremunerated positions. C.W. le Roux was a previous investor in Keyron, which develops endoscopically implantable medical devices intended to mimic the surgical procedures of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. He continues to provide scientific advice to Keyron for no remuneration. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This research complies with the guidelines for human studies and was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at St Vincent’s University Hospital (RCR22-031). Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.