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Authors
Haydar Ali Tajuddin, Amalina
Sukor, Norlela
Azizan, Elena Aisha
Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi
Omar, Ahmad Marzuki
Tan, Geok Chin
Mustangin, Muaatamarulain
Alias, Azmi
Wan Ismail, Wan Ruza Iswati
Abd Latif, Kartikasalwah
Idris, Nurdillah
Uddin, Md. Nazim
Rullah, Kamal
Isa, Nur Firdaus
Mohd Nasir, Mohd Hamzah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RMGS24-007-0038, IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RMGS24-007-0038, IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RMGS24-007-0038, IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RMGS24-007-0038, IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RMGS24-007-0038)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1, FRGS/1/2018/SKK03/UIAM/02/1)
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Article History
Received: 8 June 2025
Accepted: 23 August 2025
First Online: 1 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved and registered by both the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR-18-3778-45144), UKM Ethics Committee and IIUM Research Ethics Committee.
