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Authors
Cheng, Ling-Yun
Huang, Kuo-Chin
Lu, Ying-Chen
Chuang, Po-Yao
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 5 October 2025
First Online: 18 October 2025
Declarations
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: Since this research only involved the use of secondary data, no direct patient involvement occurred. All NHANES data are fully anonymized and stripped of any personally identifiable information, ensuring strict compliance with ethical standards for research. No additional ethical approval or informed consent was deemed necessary.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
