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Article History

Received: 19 October 2024

Accepted: 30 December 2024

First Online: 3 February 2025

Conflicts of interest

: Dr. Fong has received part of an investigator-initiated grant from Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Proximagen, and UCB; royalties from Wiley for co-authoring the book Hirsch and Brenner’s Atlas of EEG in Critical Care; and honoraria for speaking from UCB, LivaNova, Eisai, SEER Medical, and IFCN. Ms. Pu has no relevant financial or commercial disclosures. Dr. Beekman has no relevant financial or commercial disclosures. Mr. Kim has no relevant financial or commercial disclosures. Ms. Nguyen has no relevant financial or commercial disclosures. Dr. Gilmore has received funding from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Hirsch has received consultation fees for advising from Accure, Aquestive, Ceribell, Eisai, Marinus, Medtronic, Neurelis, Neuropace, Rafa Laboratories, and UCB; royalties from Wolters-Kluwer for authoring chapters for UpToDate-Neurology and from Wiley for co-authoring the book Hirsch and Brenner’s Atlas of EEG in Critical Care, first and second editions; and honoraria for speaking from Neuropace, Natus, and UCB. Dr. Zaveri has no relevant financial or commercial disclosures.

: This analysis was approved under the YNHH Institutional Review Board (2011 “Urgent Inpatient EEG and Multimodality Monitoring Databank”; IRB protocol MOD00040247). The requirement for informed consent was waived.