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Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: S.F.Z. is supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) K23NS114201, R01NS131347, R01AG082693, R01NS126282. S.F.Z. is a clinical neurophysiologist for Corticare and has received speaker honoraria from Marinus and royalties from Springer, all unrelated to this work. L.M. is supported by funding from the NIH (1K08AG053380-01A1, 1R01AG062282-01) and the Epilepsy Foundation (Epilepsy Learning Healthcare System) and is the director of the Data Coordinating Center. M.B.W. is supported by the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research and American Federation for Aging Research (Breakthroughs in Gerontology Grant), American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation (Strategic Research Award), Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Department of Defense through a subcontract from Moberg ICU Solutions, Inc; and NIH (1R01NS102190, 1R01NS102574, 1R01NS107291, 1RF1AG064312). M.B.W. is a co-founder, scientific advisor, and consultant to and has personal equity interest in Beacon Biosignals.

: This article is in compliance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting checklist. The article has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. The retrospective study adheres to ethical guidelines and was approved by the Massachusetts General Brigham Institutional Review Board.