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Authors
Mitchell, Monique https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7768-468X
Taghlabi, Khaled M.
Moiz, Bilal
Ganni, Samad
Balasubramanian, Kishore
Sankarappan, Kiran
Costa, Marcelo
Ganni, Sidra
Buccilli, Barbara
Paiva, Wellingson
Bertani, Raphael
Faraji, Amir H.
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Article History
Received: 8 May 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 16 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this article. No financial or personal relationships influenced the design, execution, or reporting of this study.
: This study is a retrospective cohort analysis using deidentified patient data from the 2023 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. As the dataset contains no identifiable patient information and is publicly available for research purposes, this study was deemed exempt from institutional review board approval. The NSQIP database complies with all applicable ethical standards, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations.
