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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

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: Katharina Feil received grants from the University of Tübingen (AKF) and speakers’ honoraria/consulting fees from AstraZeneca and BMS/Pfizer, all not related to this work. Sophia Kindzierski reports no conflict of interest. Constanze Single reports no conflict of interest. Lena Geiger-Primo received grants from the University of Tübingen (AKF), not related to this work. Daniela Schweikert received speakers’ honoraria fees from Danone Deutschland GmbH, all not related to this work. Michael Adolph reports no conflict of interest. Josua Kegele received funding from the University of Tübingen (Fortuene-Antrag Nr. 301100), not related to this work. Holger Lerche reports no conflict of interest. Ulf Ziemann received grants from the European Research Council, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the German Research Foundation, and the Else-Kröner Fresenius Foundation and consulting fees from CorTec GmbH, all not related to this work. Leona Möller reports no conflict of interest. Annerose Mengel received grants from the University of Tübingen (AKF) and speakers’ honoraria/consulting fees from AMGEN, all not related to this work.

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 069/2024BO2). As this was a retrospective analysis of treatment data, no individual patient consent was required in accordance with institutional and national regulations. The study has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.