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Authors
Sabra, Ahmed
Philip, Karan
Levin-Carrion, Yaxel
Ha, Caryn J.
Sahoo, Anurag
Huynh, Trong
Landzberg, David
Singla, Amit
Liu, James K.
Atchaneeyasakuul, Kunakorn
Khandelwal, Priyank
Otite, Fadar Oliver https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-5034
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this project.
: This study is based on de-identified, publicly available data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). As such, it is exempt from institutional review board (IRB) oversight. Because no identifiable human subjects were involved, informed consent was not required. The research adheres to all relevant ethical guidelines for studies using publicly available data.
