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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Appavu reports research funding from the American Heart Association (19CDA34760291), United States Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs Epilepsy Research Program (W81XWH-19–1-0514), National Institutes of Health (R01NS133037), and Pediatric Epilepsy Research Foundation, all outside of the submitted work. The co-authors have no relevant conflicts to disclose.

: The study was approved by the Phoenix Children’s Institutional Review Board (no.: 20-253; approval date: 14 September 2020; Institutional Review Board study title: Detecting Covert Consciousness in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit). All procedures were followed in accordance with ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board at Phoenix Children’s. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians for each participant.

: This manuscript complies with all instructions to authors. All requirements are met by all authors. The materials described in this paper are the work of the authors listed, and this work is not simultaneously under consideration by any other journal. No undisclosed group or persons have had a primary role in manuscript preparation.