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Authors
Haksteen, Wolmet E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-7302
Zandbergen, Lis N. K.
Eleveld, Nick
Horn, Janneke
van Rootselaar, A. Fleur
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
: The local Medical Ethical Committee approved the IMPROVE-DOC study on December 5, 2022 (reference number: 2022–0661–NL82013.018.22) and the REACT-DOC study on May 21, 2025 (reference number: 2025.0026). Deferred consent was obtained from legal representatives of all prospectively included patients within 72 h after enrollment and, if possible, from the patients themselves after regaining consciousness. For retrospectively included patients, a no-objection procedure was used: patients were informed of the intention to include them in the study and were given the opportunity to decline participation within four weeks of notification. For deceased patients, the need for a no-objection procedure was waived.
