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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Conflict of interest

: Shraddha Mainali has received consulting fees from MARINUS and speaking honorarium from AAN, SCCM. Gabriel V. Fontaine has received consulting fees and speaking honoraria from the Anticoagulation Forum, AstraZeneca, and Chiesi; he is on the Board of Directors of the Anticoagulation Forum; he has received advisor fees from Annexon Biosciences. Susanne Muehlschlegel has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health (R21NR020231, U01NS119647, and U01NS099046) and speaking and writing honoraria from the American Academy of Neurology for topics related to Neuroprognostication. She receives consultant fees for serving on the End Point Adjudication Committee for Grace Therapeutics Pharma Inc for a clinical trial related to SAH. Felipe A. Montellano is supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) (UNION-CVD Clinician-Scientist Programme, project number 413657723) and was previously supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Würzburg (Project Z1, MD/PhD Fellowship). Dr. Westermaier has received research funding from the Else-Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung, consulting fees and honoraria from Medtronic Navigation. Katja E. Wartenberg received research funding from the German NeuroIntensive Care Society (DGNI) and the B. Braun Foundation and serves as an associate editor for Neurocritical Care . Katharina Busl has received consulting fees from Rissman Law, and serves as an associate editor for Neurocritical Care . David Y. Hwang has received research funding from the Neurocritical Care Foundation and NINDS and serves as an Associate Medical Director for New England Donor Services. We used GRADE methodology (see Supplementary Material).