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Authors
Wang, Juan
Dai, Wei
Xu, Man-man
Hang, Chun-Hua
Li, Wen-Juan
Zhao, Peng-lai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0370-5228
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University (No. LCYJ-MS-37)
Beijing Medical Award Foundation (YXJL-2022-0351-0421)
Beijing Bethune Charitable Foundation (2022-YJ-085-J-Z-ZZ-026)
Beijing Bethune Charitable Foundation (2024-YJ-156-J-003)
Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical Research Fund Project (2024-LCYJ-MS-08)
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 20 July 2026
Ethics
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval/Informed Consent: The research adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of anonymized retrospective datasets from MIMIC-IV and eICU databases was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The NSICU dataset, containing retrospective and anonymized clinical records of NTS patients from Drum Tower Hospital’s Neurosurgical ICU, was approved by the local ethics committee (Approval no.: 2023–566-02). Due to the retrospective design and anonymized nature of all datasets, informed consent requirements were waived.
Artificial Intelligence: The authors declare that no artificial intelligence (AI) tools, large language models, or generative AI technologies were used in the drafting, revision, data analysis, or manuscript preparation of this article.
