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Authors
Olakorede, Ihsane https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8283-305X
Bögli, Stefan Yu
Czosnyka, Marek
Smielewski, Peter
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (210839/225270)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 3 August 2026
Ethics
Conflict of interest: Marek Czosnyka and Peter Smielewski receive part of the licensing fees for ICM + ® software, licensed by Cambridge Enterprise Ltd., University of Cambridge, Cambridge. The other authors declare no financial or nonfinancial conflicts of interest. Marek Czosnyka holds the position of senior scientific advisor for Brain4Care.
Ethical Approval/Informed Consent: This study used retrospective data from the Brain Physics database, approved by the Yorkshire & The Humber—Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC 23/YH/0085; IRAS ID: 320219) in April 2023. Multimodality monitoring was undertaken as part of routine clinical practice, and transcranial Doppler assessments were performed within a prospective clinical audit (Clinical Project ID4201–TCD-based assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in patients admitted to NCCU). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the local ethics authorities. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant local regulations.
Artificial Intelligence: The authors used generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools to improve readability and correct grammar. The authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take ultimate responsibility for the content of the publication.
