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Article History

First Online: 23 April 2019

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: Beata Korytowsky, Prianka Singh, and Bruce Sill are employed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Machaon M. Bonafede, Katherine Cappell, and Krutika Jariwala-Parikh are employed by IBM Watson Health, which received a research contract to conduct this analysis with and on behalf of Bristol-Myers Squibb. Qian Cai was employed by IBM Watson Health at the time the study was conducted and is currently employed by the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Neehar D. Parikh is a paid consultant of Bristol-Myers Squibb. This research was presented in part at the 2017 AASLD Liver Meeting in San Francisco, CA, USA, and the 2018 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium in San Francisco, CA, USA.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. All study data were accessed with protocols compliant with US patient confidentiality requirements, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 regulations (HIPAA). As all databases used in the study are fully de-identified and compliant with the HIPAA, this study was exempted from Institutional Review Board approval.