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Authors
Lian, Dianhong
Yuan, Zhen
Cui, Hao
Cao, Bo
Xu, Qixuan
Zhao, Ruiyang
Yu, Zhiyuan
Du, Jiajun
Wang, Jinghang
Ren, Huiguang
Lu, Yuyuan
Zhang, Ruiyang
Cui, Jianxin
Liang, Wenquan
Wei, Bo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82273231)
Beijing Science and Technology Program (Z221100007422125)
Chinese PLA General Hospital Medical Engineering Laboratory Project (2022SYSZZKY16)
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Article History
Received: 22 November 2025
Accepted: 5 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chinese PLA General Hospital, which granted a waiver of written informed consent due to the use of de-identified data and minimal risk to participants. The research adhered to the STROBE guidelines for observational studies.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All authors and their co-authors declare no financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest. Disclosures are complete and accurate to the best of our knowledge.
